The Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria - Essay Example The gathering is a main worry for U.S policymakers. Boko Haram’s affirmation that it has organized an Islamic caliphate has worked up universal worries over the insurgents’ energetic climb in Nigeria (Smith, 2014). Policymakers should shun ordering Boko Haram as just another foe in the war against worldwide fear based oppression. In spite of the fact that the group’s exercises are basically nearby, whenever permitted to develop in greatness, the results could be critical for the whole global framework.  The United States government assigned Boko Haram as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order (E.O) 13224 on November 14, 2013 (Smith, 2014). These assignments are a critical advance in the complete methodology towards countering the effect of Boko Haram. The Boko Haram disobedience is an express outcome of incessant poor administration from the bureaucratic and state legislatures of Nigeria that has brought about the political underestimation of different districts in Northeast Nigeria (Smith, 2014). The region’s quickening condition of neediness further exacerbates the circumstance. The radical development has founded a few assaults in the northeastern district of Nigeria and has gone similar to hijacking youthful females (Smith, 2014). The Nigerian government, under the initiative of previous President Jonathan Goodluck, gained restricted ground towards taking care of the political circumstance (Smith, 201 4). The United States remains significantly worried about the circumstance. The United States has arrangements set up that bolsters the sharing of data, just as projects planned for providing certifiable options in contrast to social orders in danger of radicalization and psychological oppressor enrollment (Smith, 2014). The United States has the wonderful limit in its military to secure its government assistance around the world.

Do Women Lust Free Essays

Do Women Lust? I believe that all ladies desire in light of the fact that each female has a hormone that comes out when they see a hot person. They start to begin contemplating the person and what he resembles with his garments off. A few ladies even go similarly as telling their companion that’s around them what they would do to the buddy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Do Women Lust or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now A great many people don’t truly acknowledge or notice when a woman long for something. Most females don’t appear there demeanors all over yet within her brain is going crazy about the individual whether it’s a male or another female. Most ladies won’t commonly show that their craving like men attempt to do. Now and then the women eyes can let you know whether they may be yearning or see a man that has grabbed their attention and they will most likely watch them until they leave their sight. Ladies musings are much the same as men since they have their considerations and thoughts of how they can satisfy the person. Ladies know precisely how to turn on a man. They realize how to turn them on by controlling this designed â€Å"quirk† that clears them of the need to really know anything about a lady. This implies the ladies begin acting attractive yet acting far off simultaneously. They do things that they realize will make the man need to perceive what they truly can do once they can take the woman’s garments. The ladies comprehend what they be doing when the beginning prodding the person by gradually removing her garments and a provocative hit the dance floor with it. The ladies know the majority of the occasions that they don’t truly need to have intercourse with the man so she will play with his feelings until she becomes weary of doing that or until she take it excessively far and needs to engage in sexual relations for genuine with him. Step by step instructions to refer to Do Women Lust, Papers

Apple App Store Ways to Increase Your Downloads

Apple App Store Ways to Increase Your Downloads So you have developed the app, which could very well become the next “big thing”, if only more people will take notice of it, download it, and spread the word. You were actually able to get it approved for publication in the Apple App Store. Congratulations. Is your job done?If you are satisfied with the trickling number of downloads, then yes, your job is done. But you firmly believe that your app is the greatest thing to come out in recent years, and you want the number of downloads to hit the six- or seven-digit mark. That means your work is not yet done. In fact, it is actually just beginning. © Shutterstock.com | Lukas GojdaIn this article, you will learn 1) how you get your app listed in the Apple store, 2) why to list your app in the Apple store, and 3) how to increase the downloads for your app.ENTERING THE APPLE APP STOREAt present, there are several app stores where users can readily download and purchase apps for their devices. However, there are two app stores that are considered to be the “giants”, and one of them is the Apple App Store (the other one is Google Play).The Apple App Store is where users can find iOS apps, covering pretty much everything, from games to books, news, sports, travel, photography, sports, health and fitness, food and drink, weather, and social networking, to name a few.App developers that wish to have their apps created, tested and eventually published and distributed in the Apple App Store have to follow a series of steps, outlined briefly below:Sign up for a developer account with Apple through the iOS Dev Center. Signing up is fr ee.Enroll in Apple’s iOS developer program. Enrollment entails an annual fee of US$99, and users will get to choose which developer program to enroll in, and that will largely depend on what type of app you will be developing. The options available include the iOS Developer Program, the Mac Developer Program, and the Safari Developer Program.Upon approval of your enrollment by Apple, you will be able to download Xcode, which is the main development tool for iOS.Develop your app using the various tools provided.Once the app has been developed, you are ready to deploy it to the App Store. First, you must request for certifications for development and distribution from Apple. There is also a need to register the devices that will be used to run the app that you have developed.Register a unique app ID, which will serve as the identifier for every app you develop. Provide all the necessary information to create a profile for your app.Log in to iTunes Connect using your iOS Developer cr edentials.If you are distributing your app for free, skip this step and proceed directly to step 10. If you are offering a paid app, fill out all the necessary “paperwork”. This involves the electronic signing of contracts and terms of agreement, and providing additional personal information and details, particularly on banking and financial aspects. After all, there has to be a way for the money to get to you.Prepare the following:The name of your app;A description of your app; andAn icon and at least one screenshot of your app, in accordance with the accepted size requirements set by Apple.Submit the app to Apple for approval, filling in all the information required (as prepared in Step 9).Wait for approval from Apple. If it is disapproved, Apple will provide the reasons why, and you will have to work on them before submitting again. Review for approval usually takes an average of around a week. This is actually the longest wait, since processing for the App Store and getting it ready for sale takes only minutes.WHY THE APP STORE?There are certain advantages why many app developers choose to publish their apps on the Apple App Store instead of other app stores. Here are some of them.The Apple store is known for having high-quality apps thanks, in large part, to its strict quality control. Apps have to be submitted for review and approval before it finally makes its way to the App store for distribution, so users are more assured that they are downloading something that is actually useful to some extent. Other app stores are not as stringent in their approval or screening process, so some useless apps make their way on the shelves.Users that go to the Apple store are usually willing to spend money on the apps and, more particularly, they can afford it. In short, Apple users are from the richer demographic. Let’s face it, majority of app developers are in it to make money off the apps that they create. Sure, they might start out by offering free apps but , down the line, they would want to start earning money from their apps.App developers get the lion’s share of the app sales. 30% of the sales will go to Apple, and the remaining 70% will go to the developer, so it is the latter that will earn more.Developers do not have to pay hosting fees or other related fees, since Apple will shoulder those bits already.HOW TO INCREASE DOWNLOADS OF YOUR APPBeing one of the two biggest app stores means that the Apple App Store holds millions of apps â€" free and paid â€" specially designed for iOS devices. That paints quite a picture for app developers: if they hit it big, they can expect their apps to have millions of downloads. On the other end of the spectrum, they are also facing the risk and possibility of their app being overshadowed and, worse, being buried into obscurity by the other apps.Needless to say, the App Store presents a competitive environment for app developers and their apps. It is highly possible for very good â€" outstandi ng, even â€" apps going unnoticed (and un-downloaded), while there have been many instances of lackluster â€" and downright disappointing â€" apps getting a lot of downloads.What made the difference?The marketing of the app. It is possible that the developer of the less-than-stellar app was very good in getting attention for their app, while the developer of the actually-very-good app did not know the first thing about putting the app out there for consideration by users.Do not make the mistake of the latter developer. Fortunately, there are many app marketing strategies and techniques that you can employ, and here are some tips and tricks that you can apply so you can achieve that high download count that you want for your app.Learn from feedbackBasically, you have to find out what users who visit the Apple Store are looking for â€" what they need and want â€" and give it to them.Never forget that you are catering to iOS users. They choose to go to the Apple Store to get their apps for specific reasons, and it is up to you, the developer, to make sure that they find what they are looking for once they visit the App Store. If you are targeting users that run apps on specific iOS devices such as iPhone or iPad, listen to what they have to say, particularly on what features they want the app to be able to offer when they are actually launched or being ran in those devices.Optimize your appFirst impressions last. That also applies to apps as seen on the Store. Visitors to the App Store tend to check out the apps that first appear once they log in. Your goal is to make your App appear in the first page or, better yet, in the top ten or first place rankings.App optimization involves paying attention to several factors.Choose the right app name. Much like SEO or Search Engine Optimization, you have to take note of the keywords that you use. When choosing a name for your app, consider the following:It should be simple enough to facilitate easy recall. Keep it short a nd simple. Often, long-winded names using complicated words tend to overwhelm users, and they won’t bother to remember them.This involves choosing one keyword that can sum up your app and what it offers in a single word. The keyword must be present in the app name, such that users will immediately have an idea what the app is all about just by reading the name.Choose the right keywords. The App Store will ask for a set of keywords that will apply to your app, so that when those keywords are used in searches, your app will appear. It is important to choose a set of keywords that are often used by customers.Write a good description for your app. The first rule when writing an app description is to make sure it is correct. It should correctly describe what the app can do. Some make use of narratives while others prefer to enumerate the features and characteristics. The latter is usually more appreciated by users, since it is easier to digest information when presented in bullet point s, rather than meandering and verbose sentences.Accompany your app with screenshots. Users will not download an app unless they have an idea what to expect once they installed it on their devices. Like it or not, users are still largely easily swayed by visuals, and getting a glimpse of the user interface, even if only through screenshots, is already a good start. When adding screenshots, choose those that captures the main view and the main functions of the app. Fortunately, the Apple Store allows up to 5 screenshots to be uploaded to accompany your app, so you can pick the choicest screenshots.Translate, when necessary. Take note that Apple users are not purely US-based or from English-speaking countries. Localizing the app by providing translations to various languages will be a major point in your favor. Non-English-speaking users, for instance, will be easier to convince to download an app when they see it is also available in their language. This will increase your app’s cha nces to be downloaded by users in countries across the globe.Generate buzz about your appSet up a website for your app.This is easily one of the best ways to generate buzz about your app outside of the Apple Store. Create a website that will be solely dedicated to the app you have developed. Here, visitors to the site can download the app, or be redirected to the Apple Store for download, whichever is more convenient for them. Of course, you would also have to employ a separate optimization program for your website, because the more traffic your website gets, the higher number of potential users who will download your app. This website should also serve as an avenue for users to contact the developer for any issues regarding the app.For some developers, setting up an exclusive website might be too much work. There is an easier, and often cheaper, alternative: a weblog or blog. Here, developers can also provide periodic updates regarding the app, and can also encourage interaction an d input from users.When making use of a website or a blog, it is highly advisable to make it available on mobile as well. Remember that most app users make use of mobile devices, so making the website or blog more accessible in mobile form is an advantage.Establish a social media presence.Social media and social networks have become powerful platforms when it comes to all sorts of promotion. Even businesses turn to social media to widen their reach in the market. It is no different in app marketing.Social media platform users number to the millions, and so this is a great way to increase your app’s chances of being downloaded. Some of the most popular apps today have their own accounts in social network platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn.Obtain the help of influencers.Influencers are individuals who can help steer attention toward your app. A good example would be bloggers and celebrities. If you will be able to impress them with your app by giving them t he app in advance to try out, they will definitely make sure to let their followers know about it.Encourage ratings and reviews.The App Store facilitates users leaving ratings and reviews to apps they have downloaded and used. This is one of the best indicators of the quality of an app. A user who is looking for a photo editing app, for example, will rely heavily on the reviews before making up their mind on whether to download an app or not, or on whether to pay for it or not.Similarly, the larger number of users that downloaded an app will mean a larger amount of ratings. The more frequently rated and highly rated apps usually appear on the first page. Thus, encouraging users to leave ratings and reviews is another good way of optimizing your app.Give your app away for freeOkay, so maybe you never really relished the idea of giving away â€" for free â€" something that you have worked long hours on. But this is a strategy that is employed by new developers, or those that have not r eleased any app before, and are looking to get exposure before actually asking for money for their apps.What many successful app developers do is to set a designated time or date where users can download their app for free. They may even name specific conditions that must be met by users before they can get the app for free. Remember, as much as Apple users are more willing and able to spend money on quality apps, they would not say no to a free one!Build a loyal fanbase (or customer base)Yes, app developers also have fans; if they are excellent at what they do, that is. If you are not comfortable with the term, you’d probably prefer the phrase “customer base”.Users tend to form a certain degree of loyalty and attachment to developers that deliver what they want. If a certain app developer heeds the concerns of users and makes significant efforts to meet their demands and expectations, they will not hesitate to try the other apps created by that developer. They will also be mo re inclined to look forward to future releases and even promote that developer’s works. Word of mouth is said to be one of the best forms of advertising and, if you have a fan base that is loyal to you, and believe in your work, they will definitely help reel in other users to download your app.Be updated with Apple’s latest productsApple is now regularly releasing new and updated mobile products and devices, and you have to keep yourself in the loop on what these releases are in order for you to be able to keep up with the app requirements and expectations. You cannot expect users to download an app that will only work for a single device, and an older version, too! Keeping yourself updated with the latest products from Apple will ensure that you can also update your app accordingly, in order to cater to more users.Hone your app development skillsYou owe it to yourself â€" and all the people who will potentially download your apps â€" to be good at what you do. As technology ev olves and advances, so, too, will the demands and expectations on apps. Continue learning and studying about app development. Participate actively in events organized purposely for app developments. One good example is Apple’s Annual Worldwide Developers Conference, where developers converge to share knowledge and acquire new ones.Of course, at the core of all these, is the app. The best way to ensure that your app has a lot of downloads is to have a very good app â€" one that actually offers something useful or valuable to users. Back up all your app marketing efforts with an app that will be worth the attention â€" and the money â€" poured into it by Apple users.

How to Find the Aquila Constellation

The constellation Aquila is visible in the northern hemispheres summer sky and the southern hemispheres winter. This small but significant constellation features several fascinating deep sky objects that amateur astronomers can view with a backyard telescope. Finding Aquila Aquila is outlined in faint blue, and its brightest star is Altair. Look for it just below Cygnus the Swan and near Sagittarius. From a dark viewing site, observers can see that Aquila lies in the plane of the Milky Way. Carolyn Collins Petersen   The easiest way to find Aquila is to locate the nearby constellation Cygnus, the Swan. Its a roughly cross-shaped pattern of stars that is high overhead on summer evenings beginning in mid-July. Cygnus appears to be flying down the Milky Way galaxy (which we see from the inside as a band of stars stretching across the sky) toward Aquila, which looks like a crooked shape of a plus sign. The brightest stars of Aquila, Lyra, and Cygnus all form a familiar asterism called the Summer Triangle, which is visible in the northern hemisphere from early summer to late in the year.   Historical Interpretations Aquila has been a known constellation since antiquity. It was cataloged by the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy and was eventually adopted as one of the 88 modern constellations charted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Since it was first interpreted by the Babylonians, this star pattern has virtually always been identified as an eagle. In fact, the name aquila comes from the Latin word for eagle.  Aquila was also well known in ancient Egypt, where it was seen as a bird accompanying the god Horus. It was similarly interpreted by the Greeks and, later, the Romans, who dubbed it Vultur volans (the flying vulture). In China, myths about family and separation were told in relation to the star pattern. Polynesian cultures saw Aquila in several different ways, including as a warrior, a tool, and a navigational star. The Stars of the Aquila Constellation The six brightest stars in this region make up the body of the eagle, set against a backdrop of dimmer stars. Aquila is relatively small, compared to nearby constellations. Its brightest star is called ÃŽ ± Aquilae, also known as Altair. It lies only about 17 light-years from Earth, making it a pretty close neighbor. The second-brightest star is ÃŽ ² Aquilae, better known as Alshain. Its name comes from an Arabic term which means the balance. Astronomers commonly refer to stars in this way, using lowercase Greek letters to indicate the brightest as alpha, beta, and so on, to the dimmest ones lower in the alphabet. Aquila features several double stars, including 57 Aquilae. It contains an orange-colored star paired with a whitish-colored one.  Most viewers can spot this pair using a good set of binoculars or a backyard-type telescope. Search out Aquila for other double stars, too. The entire constellation of Aquila shown with IAU boundaries and the brightest stars that make up the pattern.   IAU/Sky Telescope Deep Sky Objects in Constellation Aquila Aquila lies in the plane of the Milky Way, which means that there are a number of star clusters within its boundaries. Most are fairly dim and require good binoculars to make them out. A good star chart will help you locate these. Theres also a planetary nebula or two in Aquila, including NGC 6781. It requires a good telescope to spot, and its a favorite challenge for astrophotographers.  With a powerful telescope, NGC 6781 is colorful and striking, as seen below. A view through a backyard-type telescope is not nearly so colorful, but instead shows a slightly greenish-gray blob of light. The planetary nebula NGC 6781 as photographed through one of the telescopes of the European Southern Observatory in Chile. This nebula lies in Aquila and can be spotted with a good backyard-type telescope. ESO   Aquila as a Springboard for Exploration Observers can use Aquila as a jumping-off spot to explore the Milky Way and the many clusters and objects that lie in nearby constellations, such as Sagittarius. The center of our galaxy lies in the direction of Sagittarius and its neighbor Scorpius. Just above Altair lie two tiny little constellations called Delphinus the Dolphin and Sagitta the Arrow. Delphinus is one of those star patterns that looks like its name, a cheery little Dolphin in the starry seas of the Milky Way.

How Poetry of the First World War Changed Essay - 3266 Words

How Poetry of the First World War Changed The First World War broke out on the 4th of august 1914. It was the first major war near bye Europe for hundreds of years. It sparked fantasies of becoming a war hero in young boys and mens minds and because the government had assured everyone that the war would be over by Christmas, those young boys and men decided to join up in an attempt not to miss the excitement of war. Little did they know that they were being led to an untimely death at the hands of Germany! Poets were also just as patriotic as the men going to fight. Because of this patriotism the poets wrote about how glamorous the war was and how good it felt to die for ones country. This was all in an attempt along with†¦show more content†¦But she reflected the mood of the times. Another thing that affected popes poetry was that she was a journalist not a soldier like some of the other war poets such as {Siegfried Sassoon}. Some may say that she played her own part of the killing in the war, after all she got thousands of young gullible and innocent men to walk to their long and painful deaths, but if it hadnt been her it would have been someone else. Pope also uses other words that would not usually be associated to war for example: tackle, game and fun are a few. These are all the things associated with rugby, there again making it all sound like one great big game, when of course it wasnt, She uses all of these in a cunning way to take away the reality of war. And make you think that it is going to be easy and that its like a game hence whos for the game but reality shows us otherwise. This is a poem thats to the advantage of propaganda. I do not like this poem as none of it is true and it seems to be evil in its own way. It is rather different to Wilfred Owens Dulcet et Decorum Est. as that is complete fact and it was wrote by a man that actually experienced what he wrote unlike Jessie Pope who had never been to war and was never actually going to go anyway. Whether Pope truly believed that war is, and was a game I dont know but I for sureShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, And Wilfred Owen1531 Words   |  7 PagesCastle Senior High School World War I Poetry How it changed during the war Abby Schaubroeck Honors World Cultures Period 3 Ms. Beck 19 May 2017 Over the course of the war the perspective of literature, in specifically poetry, changed. Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen all share one common bond: these men were war poets. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term â€Å"war poet† means â€Å"a poet writing at the time of and on the subject of war, especially one on militaryRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was theRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Welcome back to the Poetry and Society unit of the literature topic. We are moving on from last week’s poetry type, American slam and we are now studying Protest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. WilfredRead MorePoem Analysis : Sassoon s Poetry1493 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary movement of the First World War led to an extraordinary flowering of poetic talent. The influence of English war poet and soldier, Siegfried Sassoon, extended far beyond his own works. His journey through the conflict of war reflected a wider evolution of the literary world. I find that following the evolution of Sassoon’s poetry throughout his life contributes to the understanding of the reality of the ‘Great War for Civilisation’. Through his poetry, Sassoon exposed war as it really is –Read MoreWalt Whitman and the Civil War Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Whitman was inspired to write poems about Civil War and changed his style of writing after experiencing the horrible result of the war. Walt Whitman was born in West Hills, Long Island, on May 31, 1819. He is the second son of eight siblings in the family. In his early life, Whitman received a formal education until age of 11 because he needed to help his father to support the big family. His first job as an office boy â€Å"opened up the world of literature to him† (Reynolds 6). No longer afterRead More`` Imagine `` By John Lennon : An Intellectual Or An Emotional Impact On Society1105 Words   |  5 PagesOver centuries poetry has been considered a form of art. Some poets prefer to use specific form, style, and tone; however, others rejected the idea and simply wrote what they preferred. One demands simple things of a poem. A poem must have a meaning, an intellectual or an emotional impact on society, and some sort of rhythmic scheme. Today, is it easy to find poetry and poets everywhere. A very common place where poetry is found, but often overlooked, is in music. Lots of songwriters are knownRead More Essay on T.s. Eliot And Society1454 Words   |  6 Pagesconsisted of a change in the perspectives of how Americans examined themselves and their role in society. Many things occurred during these eighty five years that accounted for a great social change. Among these things were World War I, the Civil Rights Movement, prohibition, women suffrage, and the Great Depression. Particularly after World War I and during women’s suffrage, society’s standpoint on certain issues changed dramatically. After World War I, people’s attitudes swung with high expectationsRead MoreThe Wasteland, by T.S. Eliot857 Words   |  4 PagesT.S. Eliot transformed the traditional poetry form into a more modern style. Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri on September 26, 1888. At the age of 25, Eliot moved to England where he began his career as a poet. Eliot greatly attracted the modernist movement, which was poetry written in the reaction of Victorian poetry. His first poem, The Lo ve Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, was known as one of the most famous pieces of the Modernist movement. In his poetry, Eliot combines themes such as aridityRead More War in the Works of Virginia Woolf, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen1522 Words   |  7 PagesWar in the Works of Virginia Woolf, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen   Ã‚  Ã‚   War has the ability to destroy not only countries and society, but families and individuals as well.   Adverse effects are often the outcome of a war.   It is not looked at in a positive way and often causes conflict.   Through the works of Virginia Woolf, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, and the 1992 Welsh film Hedd Wyn the effects of war are made apparent.   All of them express their representations of war differently;Read MoreHow EE Cummings Experiences Influences His Poetry Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesattention and made him so special. Many incidents in Cummings’ life affected his poetry, his experiences and his personality, which could clearly be observed in the poems he wrote. Cummings became such a well-known poet due to the effect of his life events on his poetry, his peculiar writing style and his strong connection with the topics of love and lust. The struggles and successes of his life developed his poetry in a huge manner. EE Cummings lived during a very eventful and historic era. He

Multicultural Communication Free Essays

In this clip, the ISRC (International Committee of the Red Cross discuss how the Red Cross performs humanitarian aid within the political climate and upheaval of the modern world. Members of the board include someone from Great Britain, Switzerland, France, and Belgium. The discussion between persons from different countries and cultures is a fascinating watch to see how influence, negotiation, and immunization takes place at the highest levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Liking They all communicate very formally, sometimes clumsily, in English. Several elements of influence are demonstrated. At the conclusion of her opening remarks, Bea Ivanhoe, Director of the ISRC Visitor Service Center, refers to Peter Manure as ‘his Excellency’. This is not common language, but in a formal, eastern European setting, this provides Mr.. Manure a form of Authority. When one leader refers to another in this manner, it makes clear to the audience that Mr.. Manure likes the presenter, and his credibility can easily transfer in the audiences mind.. Liking is defined as a principle â€Å"that holds that people are more likely to be influenced by those whom they like or with whom they have similarities† (Localhost Burton, 2010). When introducing Mr.. Manure, Ms. Ivanhoe actually nods her head in subjection as well. Social Proof Alexander Basel begins his speech in his native French when speaking to his immediate superiors. However, when opening remarks begin to be addressed to the general audience, he transfers to English. This is a way of demonstrating social proof hat he is well respected by his compatriots, and therefore should be respected by other on the panel and in the audience. Social proof is defined as a â€Å"principle of influence that states people are more likely to want to do something if they believe that many others are doing the same thing or buying the same product† (Localhost Burton, 2010). Reciprocation When the panel begins its discussion, Mr.. Manure discusses how Professor Musses Capita mentioned that the ISRC is successful because it runs away from politics. Mr.. Manure compliments Professor Capita on his expertise, then disagrees to say that the ISRC works within the confines of the political landscape, but does not run from it. This compliment then disagree is all done without emotion, and done in the same way that DRP. Capita speaks, this is a form of reciprocation. As defined, reciprocation is a â€Å"principle of influence that states people are more likely to say yes too request when the requester has done something for that person in the past† (Localhost Burton, 2010). Non-verbal Communication Conformity Antonio Gestures (Portugal) begins his discussion with much more facial expressions ND hand gestures than the remainder of the board. When asked questions, he uses his body language to appear humble in his responses and positions. This non-verbal communication gives an appearance of conformity, and shows he is not one to rebel against the group. How to cite Multicultural Communication, Papers

Journal Of Water Sanitation For Development-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Water Sanitation For Development? Answer: Introducation According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental cases (Who.int 2018). Maternal mortality is a significant concern in the modern World. The maternal mortality rates have dropped from 385 deaths to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births from 1990-2015, which is a decline of 44% of the global ratio of maternal mortality. However, this is only 5.5% of the annual rate, which is needed to achieve the maternal mortality reduction target. Maternal mortality is a significant concern, particularly in the regions of Africa. Maternal mortality rates are unacceptable in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa (World Health Organization 2015). Moreover, compared to the countries of high socio-economic status, the countries with poor socio-economic status are far more affected with respect to maternal mortality. This is because the developed countries have a maternal mortality rate of 1 in 3300, while for developing countries, it is 1 in 41. The maternal mortality ratio in the developing countries is 14 times higher than the maternal mortality ratios of the developed and high-income countries (World Health Organization and Unicef 2014). The percentage of women requiring or undergoing antenatal care has also increased from 65%, which was observed in the year 1990 to 83% in the year 2012. This is particularly high among the developing countries. Moreover, not all women receive the necessary amount of healthcare services required, particularly in the developing countries (Tran Khanh 2012). Although maternal mortality rates has decreased but more than 800 women die each day due to complications resulting from pregnancy and child birth (Haddou 2018). Both Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia contribute to significant numbers of the maternal dea ths observed worldwide (Blencowe et al. 2012). Proper family planning and sanitation are some of the interventions that can help to reduce the maternal deaths. This policy brief concentrates on the maternal mortality rates on Africa as compared to other countries and identifies the root causes of the problem. The policy brief is directed towards the Government and the participants in the culmination and application of the policy will be the healthcare organizations, non-government bodies, among others. Underlying root causes Approximately, 289,000 women die every year due to childbirth complications resulting from sanitation. Lack of family planning, results in early pregnancies, unintended pregnancies and abortions that contribute to maternal deaths (Usaid.gov 2018). Teenage pregnancies and lack of use of contraceptives also results in maternal deaths. Another case of concern is the HIV infections, which account for 40% of maternal deaths. These are some of the preventable causes of maternal mortality. Other preventable causes of maternal mortality are haemorrhage, which accounts for 27% of deaths, presence of pre-existing medical conditions that are aggravated due to pregnancy, pregnancy hypertensive disorders like eclampsia, sepsis, embolism, unsafe abortion practices also contribute to the preventable causes of maternal deaths worldwide, particularly in developing countries (Filippi et al 2016). Lack of skilled healthcare personnels, supplies and equipments prevent timely care of women going through various pregnancy or child birth related complications. Lack of equipments and skilled doctors and nurses, particularly in the developing countries also results in improper diagnosis of the complications, thereby preventing timely treatments and in turn contributing to increased maternal mortality rates. Presence of complications results in timely interventions like the use of services like administration of life saving drugs, blood transfusions, surgical interventions like caesarean sections, among others (Nnebue et al. 2014). Policy implications of maternal mortality The consequences associated with maternal mortality has far reaching effects. Studies have revealed that increase in maternal mortality results in increased rates of mortally among the children. It also results in decreased nutrition and proper education of children. Maternal deaths are also associated with social and economic crisis, particularly in the developing countries. In the developing countries like Africa, mothers are also earners of the family and maternal deaths results in financial instability, difficult management of the household, loss of education, among others. These are some of the long term consequences associated with maternal mortality (Molla et al. 2015). Some of the policies particularly in the developing countries that have been implied to reduce maternal mortality are fee exemption policy. According to this policy, delivery fees during child birth will be reduced in regions of Ghana. Along with this a method called the Rapid Ascertainment Process for institut ional deaths were also applied. It revealed that after application of the policy, maternal death rates were significantly reduced (Johnson, Frempong-Ainguah and Padmadas 2015). Some of the other policy implications are evaluation of safe pregnancy and motherhood programs, use of skilled health workers specialized in emergency obstetrics in order to reduce maternal deaths in rural areas, improvement of health facilities, helping the poor socio-economic groups get safe care delivery services in order to prevent deaths caused by pregnancy related complications, monitoring of maternal care services, se of context specific indicators to evaluate and monitor maternal health, evaluation of economic aspects of healthcare systems with the use of specific tools and enhancement of research works for further evaluation of the intervention and monitoring programs (Gov.uk 2018). Organizational interests The World Health Organization is particularly, interested in this problem of maternal mortality that is gripping the population of sub Saharan Africa. Maternal mortality in sub Saharan Africa is associated with various causes like anemia, diabetes or hypertension, mental health conditions like depression, among others. Other factors include obstructed labour, obstetric fistula are also associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (Filippi et al. 2016). The World Health Organization along with others partners are involved in the development of tools and other measures to overcome these shortcomings. The World Health Organization also defines the roles played by unsafe abortions in contributing to maternal deaths. According to the World Health Organization, unsafe abortion is the termination of an unwanted pregnancy, either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards or both. Although the maternal mortality ratios have been re duced throughout the World, the most significant reduction observed in Eastern Asia of about 72%, Sub Saharan Africa shows only a very poor decline of only 45% in comparison to others countries (Who.int 2018). The World Health Organization has given rise to a number of statistical data that have shown that 73% of maternal deaths are due to obstetric causes and 27.5% are due to indirect causes. Hemorrhage constituted 27.1% of maternal deaths, hypertension constituted 14%, sepsis was 10.7%, unsafe abortions were 7.9% and embolism contributed to 12.8% of maternal deaths in Sub Saharan Africa. Indirect causes contributed 70% to maternal deaths. Indirect causes as observed by the World Health Organization, were found to be HIV/AIDS, preexisting conditions associated with diabetes, hypertension, depression, among others (Storm et al. 2014; Black et al. 2016). The World Health Organizations millennium development goal 5 was to improve maternal health and therefore to reduce maternal mortal ity rates (Who.int 2018). However, such health strategies of the millennium development goals with respect to maternal mortality has be used to create an agenda or a sustainable development goal that can have global implications involving not only the health of women but also ensure the well being and health of all individuals belonging to different age groups (Sustainabledevelopment.un.org 2018). Overview of policies and their shortcomings Family planning policies as part of the millennium development goals to reduce maternal mortality is one of the policy options as described by the World Health Organization (Kyei-Nimakoh, Carolan-Olah and McCann 2016). This policy provides evidences with respect to multiple benefits associated with family planning. It shows the importance of family planning in maintenance of health and also for the socio-economic development of the countrys population. The policy therefore supports the cause of family planning in order to curb the health priorities affecting the current World Population. According to this policy the main benefits associated with family planning are associated with maternal mortality rates and health. Contraception reduces the number and also alters the timing of the pregnancies, which in turn has an impact on the health of the mothers as well as on the children. By increasing the contraceptive se to 10%, the rate of births and fertility are reduced, thereby resulting in a positive impact on the health of the women. Fertility regulation plays an important role in reducing the rate of maternal deaths (Adedini et al. 2015). Fertility decline played an important role, particularly in the developing countries to reduce the maternal mortality rates by 1.2 million in 2005 and by 1.7 million in 2008. The policy indicates that maternal deaths can be reduced by 30% if the women use contraceptives in order to avoid future pregnancies. The policy identifies two possible mechanisms by which contraceptives can reduce maternal mortality ratios. These include pregnancy aversions which would result in lowering the risk to the mother aged between 18-34 years and also reduces the rate of unsafe abortions. Another mechanism that was identified was that use of contraceptives results in improvements in obstetric health provisions. Moreover, other benefits that were identified involved survival and health of newborns (Familyplanning.org.nz 2018). The social benefits identified by the policy was that family planning or contraception resulted in womens education and empowerment. Greater empowerment was found to be associated with greater use of contraceptives and in turn resulted in decreased maternal mortality rates and decrease in unwanted pregnancies. A low fertility setting for women results in increase in women employment and participation in public activities, which in turn ensures brighter future. The policy also identified the economic impacts associated with family planning and indicated that such family planning interventions, particularly in the developing countries helped to reduce the health delivery service costs with respect to disability adjusted life years, maternal and child deaths. African countries, where the population is growing at a rapid rate, the World Bank indicates that such a rapid population growths results in large number of savings deficits. Moreover, the environmental benefits were also outlined by the policy, whic h indicated that population growths resulted in large consumptions of the environmental resources and also increased carbon-dioxide emissions, mainly in the least developed countries. The policy implications were identified to be positive impacts on the health of women as well as children, apart from socio-economic developments. Contraceptions help to reduce the rate of child births and also help to space the child births, thereby resulting in women empowerment as well as reductions in maternal mortality (Apps.who.int 2018). However, even though family planning helps to prevent and thereby reduce the rates of maternal and child mortality, women in many developing countries like South Africa still do not use contraceptives and as a result the number of unintended pregnancies, abortions and maternal deaths are high. Lack of proper scaling up strategies for promoting the use of contraceptives results in low usage. Other than lack of scaling up strategies, absence of maternal care facilities also results in increased maternal deaths in South Africa (Chola et al. 2015). Necessary recommendations include reduction in the costs of the contraceptives and also family planning educational programs in order to educate more women and also their families particularly in the rural areas to use contraceptives and control unwanted or untimely fatal pregnancies. Other shortcomings of the family planning policies or the reasons why the policy is failing is that beliefs of patients and providers play an important role in i nfluencing the use of contraceptives. Misconceptions present in various regions of Africa such as Uganda, with respect to the use of contraceptives also deter them from following the family planning guidelines. According to them contraceptives can damage the uterus and also can result in death. Moreover, other barriers included discussions about contraceptives to be unacceptable, provider beliefs like contraceptives can induce female infertility, unwillingness to distribute contraceptives to unmarried individuals, among others. Other barriers are limited availability of contraceptives, lack of qualified and skilled healthcare personnels, misconceptions of health risks, lack of consent from male partners and limited access to contraceptives also prevent the use of contraceptives and adhere to family planning guidelines (Uniteforsight.org 2018; Ackerson and Zielinski 2017; Celik 2016). Another policy as defined by the Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) implicates lack of sanitation and hygiene as well as poor access of water negatively impacts both maternal and child health (Who.int 2018; Waterinstitute.unc.edu 2018). According to this policy there is a strong correlation between maternal mortality and lack of sanitation, hygiene and water. The lack of hand hygiene has also been associated with increased maternal and child deaths. The causes described in this policy with respect to maternal deaths were poor sanitation and unsafe management of water. Evidences revealed that poor sanitation resulted in hookworm infections, which can cause anaemia and increase the risks associated with maternal deaths. Hookworm infections were also found to cause Listeria, which were associated with pre-term births and spontaneous abortions. Poor sanitation related Schistosomiasis is also associated with anemia, ectopic pregnancy and under nutrition among pregn ant women. This in turn results in poor health outcomes for the pregnant women (Campbell et al. 2015). Moreover, infections caused by poor sanitation results in obstructed labour and increased risk of maternal mortality (Filippi et al. 2016). Poor sanitation also increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infections, thereby resulting in negative health outcomes for women. Moreover, unsafe water can increase risks of infections associated with fecal oral routes and can also result in increased infections like malaria and dengue, which poses a serious threat to pregnant women (Minassian et al. 2013). Moreover, contamination of water by arsenic and fluorides results in still births and higher rates of spontaneous abortion. SHARE has helped to carry out research in the field of sanitation and maternal health. The policy identified a conceptual framework named the Bradley classification, which identified the risk factors associated with maternal health outcomes. This classificat ion helped to identify the risk factors and classified them into biological, chemical and behavioral mechanisms. Other studies identified in this policy brief showed that poor water sanitation is associated with increased maternal mortality rates and also indicated that poor access to safe water also contributed to increased risks of maternal mortality. Moreover, assessments carried out revealed that in Tanzania, less than one third of births take place in safe water and sanitation regions (Benova et al. 2014). Needs assessments were also carried out, which showed that poor functioning of water system, contaminated hospital beds, lack of hand washing stations had been found to be responsible for the high maternal mortality rates in Zanzibar and India (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk 2018; Steinmann et al. 2015). The needs assessment study also revealed that poor sanitation and open defecation is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The policy revealed that additional work is required to enhance the evidence base and identify the various sanitation interventions that can have a positive impact on maternal health, thereby enabling to reduce the maternal mortality rates. The policy contributed to research with respect to identifying the risk factors and in this respect helped to identify that sanitation problems and lack of access to safe water are some of the determinants of maternal health. The policy also provides recommendations that indicates the requirement of support from donors, governments and agencies. It also recommends the requirement of infrastructures, monitoring, training and supplies in order to ensure the hygiene particularly in delivery and operating rooms. Moreover, it also recommends the implementation of the WASH policy in the post 2015 development framework and also ensures that financial resourcing be carried out in order to embed WASH in core health strategies (Lshtm.ac.uk 2018). However, the WASH policy has some barriers, which prevents its success. These include lack on information, differences in mindsets, lack of coordination, lack of political and financial support, lack of demand, donor agendas, lack of service providers, lack of human and technical resources, limited access, lack of promotion, lack of cleaning arrangements, cultural factors, among others. Lack of proper information about the existing conditions of sanitation, lack of clarity with respect to institutional responsibilities in developing countries, lack of budgetary allocations, lack of skilled and disciplined workers can also result in preventing the implementations of the WASH policy. Moreover, in countries like Africa, lack of hygiene providers like local governments, NGOs, community associations and private suppliers also prevents the implementation of the WASH policy. Additionally, lack of promotional strategies also have no impact particularly in the rural population and promotional strategies are required to create links between sanitation and maternal mortality, which in turn can have an impact on the rural populations of developing countries. Developing countries also do not have community sanitation facilities, which also prevents the reduction of maternal mortality rates. Cultural factors also are potential barriers to policy implementations, which include variations of the perspectives of individuals with respect to sanitation facilities. Moreover, varying beliefs of different ethnic groups also pose a problem to policy implementations (Waterfund.go.ke 2018; Sahoo et al. 2015). Policy recommendations However, keeping in mind the shortcomings of the policies described in the above sections, certain recommendations that can be beneficial in further inducing the implementations of the policies include access to skilled care to women in developing countries before, after and during child births, training of health providers with emergency obstetrics care, increasing the supplies in healthcare centers, education of communities in order to strengthen the maternal healthcare organizations, skilled technicians who can assist in child birth and manage complications in rural areas, increase in funding from Government and non-government organizations, among others (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2018). Other recommendations involve promotion of sanitation and family planning strategies on a large scale, particularly in rural areas and also monitor the services provided by the healthcare centers. Moreover, misconceptions can be removed by utilizing members from local communities in promotional programs in order to obtain the trust of the individuals with respect to the health promotion programs. Women supervisors should be included in the promotional programs so that the women in developing countries and various rural areas can talk about their problems, which is otherwise not possible in the presence of male counterparts. Education and empowerment of women is also essential as these would help the women to lead healthy lives and also help them to keep their families free of diseases. Finally, it is necessary to make maternal health a global health concern and embed it in all health-related programs whether national or global (Apps.who.int 2018). Closing paragraph Thus, maternal health is a serious concern and it should be noted that prevention of maternal mortality is essential in order to prevent negative impacts on the society, family and the economy of a nation and the World in general. Various policies have been applied that helps to curb the consequences of maternal mortality. Although maternal mortality rates have declined in the recent times but still various developing countries are still trying to cope from the maternal mortality issues. One of the most affected regions of the World that is affected by high rates of maternal mortality and also have shown least progress with respect to reduction of maternal deaths are the sub Saharan regions of Africa. Various barriers are also present that prevent the implementations of policies. As a result, various promotional and intervention programs are needed in order to prevent maternal mortality. 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